EU Directive on budgetary frameworks General government participation

General government participation in public and private corporations exceeding 250 million euros, % of gross domestic product¹
Year	Stock on 31 December, total	Of which: participation in
Year	Stock on 31 December, total	public corporations	private corporations²
1: Gross domestic product as of calculation date August 2023. 2: Including Germany's share in the European Stability Mechanism and the European Investment Bank. 3: Revised results.
2022	5.17	2.21	2.95
2021	4.98	2.21	2.77
2020³	5.14	2.49	2.65
2019	5.23	2.72	2.52
2018	5.28	2.63	2.65
2017³	5.83	2.89	2.94
2016	5.77	3.43	2.33
2015	5.33	2.63	2.70
2014³	4.63	2.47	2.17

As at 11 January 2024

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